Why modulate analog signals? Higher frequency can give more efficient transmission Permits frequency division multiplexing There are several ways to map Analog data to analog signals. Some of them are: Amplitude modulation (AM), in which the amplitude of the carrier waveform is varied over time Frequency modulation (FM), in which the frequency of the carrier…
Analog to digital conversion done using a CODEC Pulse Code Modulation CODEC – COder/DECoder CODEC is also a hardware circuit that performs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) and/or digital-to-analog (DAC)conversion. PCM Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a digital representation of an analog signal. Using PCM, it is possible to digitize all forms of analog data, such as…
Uses Public telephone system 300Hz to 3400Hz Use modem (modulator-demodulator) Unguided media & Fiber optics cables will only propagates analog signals There are several ways to map digital data to analog signals. Some of them are: Amplitude Shift keying (ASK) – amplitude of the carrier waveform is varied over time Frequency Shift keying (FSK) –…
There are several ways to map digital data to digital signals. Some of them are: Non-return to Zero-Level (NRZ-L) Non-return to Zero Inverted (NRZI) Manchester Non-return to Zero-Level (NRZ-L) 0 and 1 bits represents two different voltages No transition 1 – negative voltage 0 – positive for the other Non-return to Zero Inverted (NRZ-I) Data…
4 Types Digital data, Digital signal
Parity Checking Questions & Answers – Question 1 Parity checking use to detect errors that may occur during data transmission. The received byte in the following table were transmitted using even parity. Write “Yes” if each byte has been corrupted during transmission or Write “No” if not corrupted during transmission. Received Byte Corrupted/Not Corrupted 10010011 10100001…
Parity Bit A parity bit, is a single bit that can be add to a binary string. It is set to either 1or 0to make the total number of 1-bits either even (“even parity”) or odd (“odd parity”). Parity checking is the process that ensures accurate data transfer between nodes during communication. How Parity Checking Works? The sender and the receiver agrees in advance…
Each time a message is transmitted, it may be scrambled by noise. Other thing is the data may be corrupted while transmitting message. To avoid this, we should use error detection codes which are additional data added to a given digital message to help us to see whether there is an error has occurred while transmitting the…
Ex- IP address block – 192.168.10.20/16 To create 2 subnets Total no of network bits : ……………… Total No of subnet bits: ……………. No of Sub networks – ……………. No of Hosts per subnet: ……………. Subnet Mask: ……………. Block Size : ……………. Answer Total no of network bits : 18 Total No of subnet bits:…
Ex- IP address block – 172.108.10.20/16 To Create 4 subnetworks Total no of network bits : ……………… Total No of subnet bits: ……………. No of Sub networks – ……………. No of Hosts per subnet: ……………. Subnet Mask: ……………. Block Size : ……………. Answer Total no of network bits : 18 Total No of subnet bits:…